Coach-Athlete Relationship Model

Coach-Athlete Relationship Model Introduction The coach-athlete relationship is widely recognised as one of the most important interpersonal relationships in sport (Jowett and Cockerill, 2002; Lyle, 1999). In the past, coaching focused largely on improving the physical and technical skills of the athlete; however, more recently, the importance of developing the athlete’s psychosocial skills has also been acknowledged (Miller and Kerr, 2002). It is now accepted that the behaviours, thoughts and emotions of the coach and athlete are interconnected, with both individuals having a mutual appreciation and respect for each other (Jowett and Meek, 2000; Philippe and Seiler, 2006). The main goal of the coach-athlete dyad is to produce an outcome of improved, high performance from the athlete, and the quality of this relationship can impact significantly on whether successful outcomes are achieved. The aim of this paper is to review published evidence on the nature and dynamics of the coach-athlete relationship and the potential i nfluence of significant others on this dyad. Conceptual models to investigate the dynamics of the coach-athlete relationship Traditionally, the dynamics between coach and athlete have been studied from the perspective of coaching leadership (Jowett, 2005). The earlier models which provided a conceptual framework for this research include the Mediational model (Smoll and Smith, 1989), the Multidimensional model (Chelladurai, 1993) and the Coaching model (Cà ´tà ©, Salmela, Trudel, Baria, Russell, 1995). These models focus on the behaviours of the coach, perceptions of these behaviours, and the impact of such behaviours on outcome variables such as performance and satisfaction. A number of newer conceptual models have been developed which also largely have a behavioural focus (Jowett and Cockerill, 2002; Mageau and Vallerand, 2003; Poczwardowski, Barott, Peregoy, 2002; Wylleman, 2000). Worthy of note is the Motivational model proposed by Mageau and Vallerand (2003), which may be of value in the study of inspirational motivation, a recent focus of leadership research. This considers whether an individual sh ows an exceptional ability to lead others to higher performance levels and/or provide inspiration through the use of clear principles and goals, and has been shown to be a strongly associated with athletes’ level of satisfaction with their coach (Gomes, Sousa, Cruz, 2006). It can be argued that a major limitation of all these models is that they fail to consider the non-behavioural aspects of the coach-athlete relationship (e.g. thoughts and emotions) which may also be importance influencers of the effectiveness and success of this relationship. The 3Cs and Co-orientation models The Closeness, Commitment and Complementarity (3Cs) conceptual model developed by Jowett and colleagues incorporates both behavioural and non-behavioural components of the coach-athlete dyad, and reflects the relational aspects of emotions, cognitions and behaviours, respectively (Jowett, 2002; Jowett, 2003; Jowett and Cockerill, 2002; Jowett and Meek, 2000). An additional interpersonal construct, co-orientation, has also been evaluated and is included in the Co-orientation model (Jowett, 2006; Jowett and Clark-Carter, 2006). This adds another dimension by considering coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions about each other from three different aspects: actual similarity, assumed similarity and empathic understanding (Jowett, 2005). Both the 3Cs and Co-orientation models have been pivotal in recent research investigating the nature of the coach-athlete dyad from the perspective of the athlete in individual sports including swimming (Philippe and Seiler, 2006; Poczwardowski, Barott, Jowett, 2006). Analysing the nature of the coach-athlete relationship In addition to their own perspective on the coach-athlete relationship, both members of the dyad will also form perceptions of how the other member views the relationship. Laing and colleagues (1966) first proposed the terms ‘direct perspective’ (i.e. the individual’s own perspective) and ‘meta-perspective’ (the individual’s perception of the other dyad member’s perspective). More recently, Kenny and Acitelli (2001) developed a method of measuring the accuracy of these perceptions (Kenny and Acitelli, 2001). A study using this methodology has investigated empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in perceptions of closeness, commitment and complementarity in the coach-athlete relationship (Jowett and Clark-Carter, 2006). Findings showed that empathic accuracy and assumed similarity were evident in both coach and athlete perceptions; however, athletes were more accurate in identifying their coaches feelings in terms of closeness, while in newer relationships, both members showed higher levels of empathic accuracy. Communication is another important component of the coach-athlete dyad (Jowett, 2003; Phillipe and Seiler, 2006). Studies have demonstrated that effective communication promotes a shared understanding of the importance of key issues between both dyad members and may therefore reduce the likelihood of problems or conflict occurring within the relationship The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) is a self-report instrument developed to explore the nature of the coach-athlete relationship by examining closeness, commitment and complementarity from a meta-perspective (Jowett and Ntoumanis, 2004). The validity, internal consistency and reliability of this questionnaire were demonstrated in two independent samples of British coaches-athlete dyads. More recently, a Greek language version of the questionnaire (GrCART-Q) has been developed, together with a modified version incorporating co-orientation (Jowett, 2006). The validity and reliability of both versions of this questionnaire were confirmed in a sample of coach-athlete dyads from individual sports (Jowett, 2006). Effective versus successful coach-athlete relationships When considering the nature of the coach-athlete dyad, it is important to distinguish between effective and successful relationships. Effective relationships are underpinned by values such as empathy, support, acceptance, respect and responsiveness (Jowett and Cockerill, 2003; Jowett and Meek, 2000). While these undoubtedly provide positive psychosocial benefits for the athlete, they will not necessarily improve performance. In contrast, successful relationships are ones in which a measure of performance success has been achieved, although these may not always be effective in nature (Jowett, 2005). The influence of significant others on the coach-athlete relationship It has been suggested that the coach-athlete relationship should not be considered solely as two members of the dyad working together, but also should also take account of the influence of significant others. For example, some believe that coach leadership may be a shared function rather than a role taken on by the coach alone (Jowett, 2005; Jowett and Chaundy, 2004) while in the case of children, parents and other family members may play an important role in the development and success of the athlete (Cheng, Marsh, Dowson, Martin, n.d.). To conclude, there is a considerable body of literature investigating the nature and dynamics of the coach-athlete dyad and those factors which may influence the development, effectiveness and success of this important relationship. References Chelladurai, P. (1993). Leadership. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, L. K. Tennant (Eds.) Handbook on research on sport psychology. New York: MacMillan. Cheng, J. H. S., Marsh, H. W., Dowson, M. Martin, A. J. (n.d.) Exploring the effect of relationship dynamics of support on gymnasts’ and figure skaters’ self-concept, education and psychological resilience: a research proposal. Retrieved 5 July, 2008 from http://www.aare.edu.au/05pap/che05309.pdf Cà ´tà ©, J., Salmela, J. H., Trudel, P., Baria, A. Russell, S. (1995). The coaching model: A grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches knowledge. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 1–17. Gomes, A. R., Sousa, S. A. Cruz, J. F. (2006). Charismatic, trnasformational and visionary dimensions in sport leadership: towards new paths for the study of coach-athletes relationships. In N. S. Huber M. Harvey (Eds.). Leadership at the crossroads. University of Maryland: The James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership. Jowett, S. Cockerill, I. M. (2002). Incompatibility in the coach-athlete relationship. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.) Solutions in Sport Psychology. London: Thomson Learning. Jowett, S. Cockerill, I. M. (2003). Olympic medallists perspective of the athlete-coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 313–31. Jowett, S. Chaundy, V. (2004). An investigation into the impact of coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship on group adhesion. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 8, 302–11. Jowett, S. Clark-Carter, D. (2006). Perceptions of empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in the coach-athlete relationship’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 617-37. Jowett, S. Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 14, 245–57. Jowett, S. (2002). The coach-athlete questionnaire and dyad maps (Research Monograph No. 1). Staffordshire: School of Health, Staffordshire University. Jowett, S. (2003). When the ‘honeymoon’ is over: a case study of a coach–athlete dyad in crisis. The Sport Psychologist, 17, 444–60. Jowett, S. (2005). The coach-athlete partnership. The Psychologist, 18, 412–5. Jowett, S. (2006,). Interpersonal and structural features of Greek coach–athlete dyads performing in individual sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 69–81. Jowett, S. Cockerill, I. M. (2002). Incompatibility in the coach-athlete relationship. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.) Solutions in sport psychology. London: Thomson Learning. Jowett, S. Meek, G. A. (2000). The coach-athlete relationship: an exploratory content analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 157–75. Kenny, D. A. Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in perceptions of the partner in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 439–48. Laing, R. D., Phillipson, H. Lee, A.R. (1966). Interpersonal Perception. Baltimore: Perennial Library. Lyle, J. (1999). Coaching philosophy and coaching behaviour’. In N. Cross J. Lyle (eds.) The coaching process: principles and practice for sport. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman. Mageau, G. A. Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 883–904. Miller, P. S. Kerr, G. A. (2002). Conceptualising evidence: past, present and future. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 140–53. Philippe, R. A. Seiler, R. (2006). Closeness, co-orientation and complementarity in coach-athlete relationships: What male swimmers say about their male coaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 159–71. Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J. E. Peregoy, J. J. (2002). The athlete and coach: their relationships and its meaning – methodological concerns and research process. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 98–115. Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J. E. Jowett, S. (2006). Diversifying approaches to research on athlete coach relationships. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 125–42. Smoll, F. L. Smith, R. E. (1989). Leadership behaviours in sport: a theoretical model and research paradigm. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1522–51. Wylleman, P. (2000). Interpersonal relationships in sport: uncharted territory in sport psychology. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 555–72.

Earthquakes And The Subtle Power Within Essay

Outer Banks is located in North Carolina. It is a narrow chain of barrier stretching 175 miles long. The area is frequented by high winds and storms. It is basically made up of sand dunes. Sand dunes are formed due to the prevailing winds. The winds come from opposite direction, northeast and southwest. Because of the natural occurrence, sand dunes were formed. The tallest active sand dune in Outer Banks is Jockey’s Ridge. Some interesting features about the Outer Banks is that it housed the talled lighthouse. It also has the tallest san dune, Jockey’s Ridge. Duck Beach is named one of the top beaches in America. Animals especially birds and horses are actively seen the area. Outer Banks 3 Outer Banks, North Carolina Outer Banks in North Carolina is a narrow chain of barrier islands. It is one mile wide or 1. 6 km. It stretches more than 175 miles along the coast. Main islands are Bodie, Roanoke, Hatteras, Ocracoke, Portsmounth and Core Banks. The area is prone to severe storms and high winds (Outer Banks, 2007). Outer Banks’ natural processes evolved from a predetermined conditions. Outer Banks can be well describe by its sand dunes. Migration of sand dunes is an important process on the Outer Banks. It is basically formed by two prevailing winds, northeast and southwest. Due to the different directions of the wind, volume of sand build up. With its sand dunes, Nags Head Woods were developed. It was inherited from what used to be sand dune and swale or a depression found between dunes and beach ridges more than 100,000 years ago. In some areas, the swales were internally drained and now contain freshwater ponds (Frankenberg & Tormey, 2000). The Jockey Ridge is the most tallest active sand dune in Outer Banks. The sand is mostly quartz rock which comes from the mountains million of years ago (Ecology, 2006). Some very interesting features can be provided by the Outer Banks (Interesting Facts about the Outer Banks, 2006) ? Wild Ponies, descendants of Spanish Mustangs, still travel the coast. As per record, they run wild North Carolina since 1523 until present time. ? Tallest lighthouse in America, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is located in Outer Banks. It Outer Banks 4 is 198 feet tall. It has 257 steps. Beacon light can be seen as far as 20 miles out the to sea. ? Duck Beach is one of the ‘Top Beaches’ in America. This was named because of the number of waterfowls that flocked during migration. ? Jockey’s Ridge is the largest active sand dune in East Coast. Outer Banks 4 References Frankenberg, Dirk & Tormey, Blair. (2000). The Northern Outer Banks. Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations pp. 3. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. learnnc. org/lp/editions/cede_nobx/3 Infoplease. (2005). Outer Banks. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/us/A0921656. html Jockey’s Ridge Sate Park. (2006). Ecology. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. jockeysridgestatepark. com/ecology. html Outer Banks Vacation Guide. (2006). Interesting Facts About the Outer Banks. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. visitob. com/outer_banks/trip/facts. htm

The Divine Comedy Allegory - 2235 Words

The Divine Comedy: Inferno Dante Alighieri Major Characters †¢ Dante Alighieri o Thirty-five years old at the beginning of the journey ( half of man’s biblical life span â€Å"threescore and ten years† (Psalm 90:10) o Lost his way on â€Å"the true path† of life ( sin has obstructed his path to God o Explores the nature of sin by traveling through hell o Rooted in the Everyman allegorical tradition ( represents humanity o Little known about his life on earth o Committed a sin never specified o Participated in Florentine politics o Often sympathetic towards others remains capable of anger o Weeps at the sight of suffering souls, but is elated when†¦show more content†¦(Cantos XXVIII and XXIX) x. Ditch 10: Falsifiers, i.e. alchemists, counterfeiters, perjurers, and impersonators. Each group is punished by being afflicted with a different type of disease (Cantos XXIX and XXX) The passage to the ninth circle contains classical and Biblical giants (Canto 31). Dante and Virgil are lowered into the pit by Antaeus. †¢ Ninth Circle o Traitors, distinguished from the merely fraudulent, in that their acts involve knowingly and deliberately betraying others, are frozen in a lake of ice known as Cocytus (Cantos XXXII through XXXIV). Each group of traitors is encased in ice to a different height, ranging from only the waist down to complete immersion. o This is divided into four concentric zones: i. Outer zone 1 (Caà ¯na): Traitors to their kindred (Canto XXXII). Named for Cain ii. Zone 2 (Antenora): Traitors to political entities, such as party, city, or country (Cantos XXXII and XXXIII), such as Count Ugolino. Named for Antenor of Troy, who, according to medieval tradition, betrayed his city to the Greeks iii. Zone 3 (Ptolomà ¦a): Traitors to their guests (Canto XXXIII). Named (probably) for Ptolemy, captain of Jericho, who invited Simon the High Prie st and his sons to a banquet and there killed them. One of its inhabitants, Friar Alberigo, explains that sometimes a soul falls here before theShow MoreRelatedDante s Divine Comedy : An Allegory Representative Of The Christian Soul974 Words   |  4 PagesOften, we cannot see the good in something until we’ve experienced the bad. Dante Aghileri, a poet who stars in his Divine Comedy as a pilgrim, finds himself lost in a dark wood. Though he sees a safe path to the light and out of the wood, he is forced to take an alternate route through an even darker place. The Divine Comedy is an allegory representative of the Christian soul. As the ending is bright and hopeful for Dante, Aghileri spreads that the ending for even the most sinful Christians canRead MoreAnalysis of Dante ´s Divine Comedy845 Words   |  3 PagesThe Divine Comedy, a trilogy detailing Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven in three separate poems, he was separated from his home town of Florence due to his exile. 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What Makes A Shopper Shop At One Store Comparison

Visual Merchandiser When people walk in malls, cities and theme parks there they look at a lot of different displays of product for many sellers. What makes a shopper shop at one store compared to another? Would it be because of the products themselves or would it be because of how the store displays their products? Many brands have to compete with customers’ eyes to make their products look appealing to have customers intrigued in their products. In this competitive career, skills in reading, writing, and communication effect being a visual merchandiser in how they work in the fashion business. Visual merchandisers are the people responsible for creating interiors and window displays that match the look of the store outlet. Merchandisers have the responsibility of communicating with target audiences through designs to maximize sales for business. Wordskillz remarks on the main skills, visual merchandising need to be successful in their career, â€Å"Communication and interpersonal skills, problem solving, and creativity: the ability to develop original ‘eye-catching’ concepts with the WOW factor.† (Wordskillz ,1) Reflecting, Wordskillz acknowledges that merchandisers have to use different kinds of communication to work properly. To illustrate what visual merchandisers perform daily, Tessa Robertson, a visual merchandiser for the House of Fraser a popular store chain in Europe remarked, â€Å"It can be really fast paced and criticism can knock people that aren’t used to it. It isShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Online Shopping1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people are getting addicted to because it makes people’s life easier and saves them time. Shoppers can visit web stores from the comfort of their own home and shop while they are sitting in front of their computer. 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Traditional and online shopping environment In the traditional shopping, one has to leave home, either walk or take a ride to a particular location in order to buy what one wants. There are many ways of traditional shopping such like shopping at shopping center, outlet village, markets or department stores. However, online shopping has been developing at a fast rate through recent years and more and more people are moving towards this mode of shopping. The online shopping is typically done atRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of `` The Science Of Shopping `` By Malcolm Gladwell1658 Words   |  7 Pageswriting strategies to persuade readers that stores and advertisers manipulate shoppers take place in â€Å"The Science of Shopping† by Malcolm Gladwell and â€Å"Attention, Shoppers: Store Is Tracking Your Cell† by Clifford and Hardy. 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For example, if you’re in the market for new perfume or cologne, it makes a lot more sense to go to the store and smell the different options before purchasing your new scent. When purchasing a product onlineRead MoreWalmart vs Target1068 Words   |  5 PagesWhat if Wal-Mart and Target Joined Forces? Today’s economy and the increased unemployment rate have made the average American household drastically change their spending habits. The average household has to function on surviving with less. Which brings me to my topic. We have become a savvier shopper; ultimately looking for the establishment can offer the most for our money with out sacrificing quality. We have become â€Å"bargain shoppers†. When I think of a discount store two major companies

Should Euthanasia Be Legal - 1656 Words

Most of us fear death, but a large part of that fear comes from uncertainty and the worry that it might lead to an agonizing pain. If we knew exactly when we were going to die – and knew for a fact it would be painless – it is a fair bet that that fear would simply melt away. According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, euthanasia is the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering (merriam-webster.com); also known as â€Å"mercy killing.† There are three classifications of euthanasia: voluntary euthanasia is performed with the patient s consent; non-voluntary euthanasia is where the patient is unable to give their informed consent like child euthanasia; and involuntary euthanasia is performed on a patient against their will (NHS Choices). Practicing euthanasia is not about the right to kill; it makes economic sense, does not target the vulnerable, does not lead to horrifying alternatives, and does not violate the Hippocratic Oath. While the use of euthanasia is against the will of God; with the act of euthanasia, allowing people to die with dignity is kinder than forcing them to continue their lives with suffering. â€Å"Euthanasia is making people die, rather than letting them die† (Marker 7). Rita Marker gives an example of what euthanasia really means in her book â€Å"Deadly Compassion†. It is giving a cancer patient an injection that causes death instead of stopping chemotherapy and allowing that patient to die with so muchShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu† meaning good, and â€Å"thanatos† translating to death, together the word makes â€Å"good death†. A person who is terminally ill often goes through excruciating pain and suffering. Ultimately, the right to euthanize a terminally ill patient should be legal across the nation because that person doesn’t see an end to their anguish, so they wish to turn to euthanasia. 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It is done by taking them off of life support or not giving them essential supplies to live such as food, medications, oxygen, and more. There are countless debates of whether or not euthanasia should be legal, and whethe r or not it benefits people. Some countries allow itRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1061 Words   |  5 PagesDetermining Euthanasia Millions of precious lives have been deliberately taken throughout the world due to the new Euthanasia Law. Euthanasia is the practicing of assisted suicide, due to terminally ill patients or depression. The practicing has just been legalized September 2015, and will be put into effect in California January 1 2016. Although, it is still being argued if adolescents should have the right fro this and if it’s morally correct all together. Euthanasia should be illegalRead MoreEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1520 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia or commonly known as Physician-Assisted Suicide is defined as the painless killing of a patient who is suffering from an incurable and painful disease or is in an irreversible coma. It is an act that speeds up death. Some people consider euthanasia to be a mercy killing and others consider it to be murder. This practice is illegal in most countries. In the United States, however, six states have legalized physician-assisted suicide even though most states, 44 to be more specific, haveRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1919 Words   |  8 Pages Euthanasia is a widely debated topic of the 21st century. Many places have legalized it, others refuse to even talk about the subject. However, more and more people are wanting their right to die to be recognized while others fight back against that right. 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Many people have used euthanasia so they wouldRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1360 Words   |  6 PagesOwadara Adedamola ENG 101 Prof. Skeen 24 November 2015 Legalizing Euthanasia â€Å"Euthanasia is defined as conduct that brings about an easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable or painful disease or condition† (Muckart, et al 259). Euthanasia, also dying with dignity, is the practice of the termination of a terminally ill person s life in order to relieve them of their suffering. Euthanasia is one of today’s most controversial health issues with debates on people’s rightRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?2146 Words   |  9 PagesWho should be in charge of ending your life? Understanding euthanasia in its entirety can only be met when one knows the various forms it can take. They include passive, active, voluntary, and involuntary. Passive euthanasia refers to the practice of medical practitioners refraining from providing treatment in turn, allowing death. 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Revenue Recognition Convergence Free Essays

Holzmann, Oscar J. â€Å"Revenue recognition convergence: The contract-based model. † Journal Of Corporate Accounting Finance (Wiley) 22, no. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Convergence or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6 (2011): 87-92. The article â€Å"Revenue Recognition Convergence: The Contract-Based Model† is all about revenue recognition. It begins by explaining the conceptual background information to give you an overview of what revenue recognition is both in the US and internationally. Part of this section also discusses what problems have been found with revenue recognition. Because of these problems, the international and US boards have proposed an adoption of the â€Å"contract-based revenue recognition model. This standard would apply to all contacts between companies and their customers, with some exceptions. There are five steps to this revenue recognition model. These steps are discussed individually within the article. The steps are (1) identify the contract, (2) identify the performance obligation(s), (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations, and (5) recognize revenue. After the descriptions of each step, the article goes on to explain onerous performance obligations, contract cost, presentation, and disclosure. Each of these are important topics and will be on the re-exposure of the exposure draft in the coming years. The book for this class begins talking about revenue recognition in chapter five on page 197. The section of the book that more closely relates to this article starts on pages 203 and its called IASB-FASB Revenue Recognition Project. This explains a little about the joint exposure draft from the IASB and FASB. Also, like the article it discusses the five steps in recognizing revenue. These steps are listed in the above paragraph. It explains each of the steps just enough to understand what it is without confusing you. The section finishes by giving a little more information on the exposure draft. I was in the class group that did our presentation over revenue recognition, so a lot of this information looked very familiar. It is good to see the same information in different reliable sources. Overall I find this article to be very informative and easy to read and understand. If I didn’t do the group project over the same topic, I would have still been able to understand and comprehend the information in the article. How to cite Revenue Recognition Convergence, Papers

Patient and Family Involvement Care †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Patient and Family Involvement Care. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses upon adult nursing care practices and the implication of the same in designing an effective care plan for the patient. The nursing care approaches and interventions could be supported with the help of a number of evidence based programs. The two such nursing interventions which have been adopted over here are the Millers functional consequences theory and the Levitt Jones clinical reasoning cycle. The evidence based model help in the development of priority base nursing care. Additionally, the development of a priority based nursing plan helps in the development of a person centred approach. The person centred approach helps in adjusting to the individual care needs of the patient. For the current assignment, the case study of Amalie Jones has been taken into consideration. She is an 89 years old woman and is suffering from a number of co-morbid conditions such as hypothyroidism, macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis and requires effective nursing care. Amalie Jones lives alone in a one storeyed apartment after the death of her husband. Recently, the development of poor vision along with growing pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis has made independent dwelling difficult for here placing more importance on nursing care. On effective examination of the patient, it was found that the patient had past history of hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis and macular degeneration. Amalie had always enjoyed visiting her German association but poor eyesight made driving and visiting her friends difficult for her. A range of other complications were noted in the nurse such as joint stiffness, swollen feet and enlarged joints, limited or restricted movement , occasional dizziness and significant amount of weight loss. As commented by McSherry et al. (2017), the medications for hypothyroidism can further trigger the development of autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. The restricted movement capacity has also damaged the s elf confidence of the patient to a considerable level, where she felt the need to depend upon nursing professionals for getting sufficient help and support Based upon some of the cues represented by the patient effective nursing interventions could be designed. Amalie was suffering from rheumatoid arthritis which could have been triggered due to old age. As mentioned by Evan, Walker-Tweed, Paunovic, Olafson Easton (2016), the rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder and often results in destruction of the own body cells and tissues. The patient also reported to feeling dizzy and tired, which could be related to low levels of thyroxin produced in the body of the patient. As supported by Stayt, Seers Tutton (2015), subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with insulin resistance and is related to dylsipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis. The low levels of thyroxin have been associated with increased out flux of potassium triggering the situation of osteoporosis in the patient. Here, 665 mg of paracetamol was administered to the patient three times a day, which was supplemented by 400 mf of ibuprofen. The patient was further out on hig h doses of hydrochloroquine, which further reduced the pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. Processing information Painful joints particularly in the knee, hip, finger and back- the painful joints around the knee, hip and fingers could be related to the development of rheumatoid arthritis in the patient. As mentioned by Adam (2017), the rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation of the joints causing them to become swollen and stiff, which restricts the movement around them. Vision deficit- the visions deficit could be attributed to the development of dry macular degeneration in the patient. Under this, small or yellowish deposits called drusen form over the retina causing the vision to deteriorate over time. Occasional dizziness- the occasional dizziness experienced by the patient could be attributed to low levels of thyroxin present in the body of the patient which results in the development of fatigue (Shih,., Buurman, Tynan?McKiernan, Tinetti Jenq, 2015). Non-significant weight loss- the weight loss could be attributed to the development of hypothyroidism in the patient. Additionally, the patient that is Amalie, had been living alone and had no to take care of her diet all by herself which often resulted in careless and missed diets . As commented by DeVon, Rice, Pickler, Krause-Parello Richmond (2016), low thyroxin levels has been seen to affect the metabolism in the patient which also affects the food intake capacity of the patient. Developing nursing intervention based upon identifies issue A number of clinical nursing priorities and interventions can be developed for the patient over here. Amalie suffered from a number of co-morbid health conditions such as macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. Since the patient was suffering from a progressive macular degeneration along with rheumatoid arthritis she was at increased risk of falling. Therefore, based upon the assumption fall risk management could be suggested as one of the important nursing interventions. The excessive pain and stiffness around the joints had resulted in restricted movements for the patient. Hence, Amalie had to cut down from some of her daily activities of living such as driving to her German community to meet her friends. She could also manage very little of her daily activities such as cooking and managing the household by herself. Additionally, the excess pain made the patient feel helpless. Therefore, effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strate gies could be designed for the patient. The health condition of the patient caused her to be socially isolated from her community which could lead to the development of depression within the patient. Hence, effective counselling support programs could be designed for the patient. The nursing professional needs to plan the care strategy of the patient based upon the Millers functional consequences theory. The millers functional consequences theory lays importance upon the old age of the patient and the related conditions which are taken into consideration for designing of the nursing care plan (Morgen, Denison-Vesel, Kobylarz Voelkner, 2015). The goal of the Millers functional consequences theory is to foster the feeling of dignity and value in the patient (Hunter, 2012). The millers pyramid encompasses the functional areas from knows to does and further help in enhancing the skills, knowledge and attitude of the nursing professional (Mpouzika et al., 2017). It focuses upon applying the concepts of wellness in geriatric nursing where individual strengths are built to optimize the overall well being of an individual amidst day-to day life situations. Based upon the clinical condition of the patient a number of nursing care goals and priorities could be designed for the patient. The goals had been further represented in the form of specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound framework. Both macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis are progressive degenerative condition (Olding et al., 2016). Therefore, effective nursing care goals are required to be set for the patient. The patient to be educated and helped with self management of medication. Since, the patient had vision impairment therefore colour codes could be attached with the medicines to help the patient remember the particular medicines and doses to be taken. The pain could be monitored in the patient on a scale of 1-5 with the help of Braden scale. The patient needs to be educated on using aids which could help the patient move around freely by her own self as well as manage her activities of daily living (ADL) (Boev, Xue Ingersoll, 2015). Reduction in pain as well as more autonomy noticed in the patient after the care treatment The recovery in the overall health of the patient to be achieved within a time period of three months. Action plan An effective nursing care plan was designed for the patient based upon the present health condition of the patient. The patient complained of stiffness and pain around the joint areas, which restricted here ADLs making her more dependent upon the nursing professional. Therefore, effective pain management intervention could be employed for the patient with the help of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. As mentioned by Devon et al. (2016), the non-pharmacological methods focused more upon the inculcation of light weight training and stretching exercises for the patient. Reports and evidences have suggested that patients with sufficient amount of physical activities complained of less RA pain comparison to patients without much physical movement. Moreover, providing Amalie with sufficient psychical activities could help her regain more control over here body, which reduced the chances of fall in the patient. Amalie had complained of poor vision, she also failed to take her medicine doses properly. Therefore, setting up an alarm for the patient which will remind her regarding the medicines to be taken every few hours could be beneficial. The patient reported feeling helpless and expressed possessing little control over here day-to day activities. Therefore, making the patient a part of the community networks where community based healing programs will be provided would be beneficial (Tisminetzky et al., 2017). Evaluation of the patient outcomes The above nursing plan was conducted for a time period of three months after which the patient was monitored for the improvement in health condition. At the end of three months Amalie expressed more autonomy over her daily care activities and reported better control over her pain. She felt much positive about getting better and resuming her daily life activities. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the aspect of designing nursing care priorities for an older adult. Here, the patient had a number of co-morbid health conditions such as hypothyroidism, macular degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis. The deterioration in the present health condition of the patient offered her with little or no options but to be reliable over a nursing professional to help her with some of her daily care activities. However, the assignment focuses upon the implementation of a clinical reasoning cycle which had been used for designing an effective clinical care plan for the patient. With the help of such evidence based approaches, a person centred approach is established for the care of the patient. References Adam, S. (2017).Critical care nursing: science and practice. London: Oxford University Press, 125-135. Boev, C., Xue, Y., Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Nursing job satisfaction, certification and healthcare-associated infections in critical care.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,31(5), 276-284. DeVon, H. A., Rice, M., Pickler, R. H., Krause-Parello, C. A., Richmond, T. S. (2016). Setting nursing science priorities to meet contemporary health care needs.Nursing outlook,64(4), 399-401. Evan, B., Walker-Tweed, J., Paunovic, B., Olafson, K., Easton, D. (2016). Family Presence in the Adult Intensive Care Unit During Daily Rounds Discussions: Riding the Waves of Change!.Canadian Journal of Critical Care Nursing,27(2). Hunter, S. (Ed). (2012). Millers nursing for wellness in older adults. Sydney: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 65-77. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson, 125-133. McSherry, W., Bloomfield, S., Thompson, R., Nixon, V. A., Birch, C., Griffiths, N., ... Boughey, A. J. (2017). A cross-sectional analysis of the factors that shape adult nursing students' values, attitudes and perceptions of compassionate care.Journal of Research in Nursing,22(1-2), 25-39. Morgen, K., Denison-Vesel, K., Kobylarz, A., Voelkner, A. (2015). Prevalence of substance use disorder treatment facilities specializing in older adult and trauma care: N-SSATS data 2009 to 2011.Traumatology,21(3), 153. Mpouzika, M. D., Haikali, S., Giannakopoulou, M., Karanikola, M. N., Lemonidou, C., Patiraki, E., Papathanassoglou, E. D. (2017). A descriptive correlational study of nurse-physician collaboration in adult critical care in Greece.CONNECT: The World of Critical Care Nursing,11(3), 55-67. Olding, M., McMillan, S. E., Reeves, S., Schmitt, M. H., Puntillo, K., Kitto, S. (2016). Patient and family involvement in adult critical and intensive care settings: a scoping review.Health Expectations,19(6), 1183-1202. Shih, A. F., Buurman, B. M., Tynan?McKiernan, K., Tinetti, M. E., Jenq, G. (2015). Views of primary care physicians and home care nurses on the causes of readmission of older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(10), 2193-2196. Stayt, L. C., Seers, K., Tutton, E. (2015). Patients' experiences of technology and care in adult intensive care.Journal of advanced nursing,71(9), 2051-2061. Tisminetzky, M., Bayliss, E. A., Magaziner, J. S., Allore, H. G., Anzuoni, K., Boyd, C. M., ... Hornbrook, M. C. (2017). Research priorities to advance the health and health care of older adults with multiple chronic conditions.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,65(7), 1549-1553. Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., Lough, M. E. (2015).Priorities in critical care nursing. London: Elsevier Health Sciences, 212-265.